Phosphorus Determination after Mehlich 3 Extraction and Anion Exchange Resin in an Agricultural Soil of Northwestern Spain

Differences in soil phosphorus (P) contents measured by various techniques may have implications for agronomic and environmental testing. Reduced-tillage systems combined with surface manure application increase the potential risk of nutrient losses by surface runoff. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of livestock slurry on nutrient accumulation at the surface layer of an acidic soil rich in organic matter with excess P levels and loamy texture. Two reduced-tillage systems, no tillage (NT) and minimum tillage (MT), and four different fertilizer treatments were assessed. The amounts of P extracted by anion-exchange resin (AER) and by Mehlich 3 (M3) were compared; in addition, differences between two determination methods of P contents extracted by Mehlich 3, namely molybdic acid colorimetric standard procedure (M3-COL) and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectroscopy (M3-ICP), were evaluated. Ninety-six soil samples were taken from the 0- to 5-cm surface layer in three successive dates after increasing manure addition. Colorimetric Mehlich 3 P ranged from 49 to 431 mg dm^–3. The ranks of mean extractable soil P concentrations were AER < M3-COL < M3-ICP. The linear correlation coefficient between M3-COL and M3-ICP was highly significant (R² = 0.89; P < 0.01), but a two-straight-lines model or a quadratic relationship were more adequate for describing the dependence between the two determination procedures after M3 extraction. Relative and absolute differences between M3-COL and M3-ICP showed a tendency to increase as organic carbon content increased. Phosphorus content extracted by AER and M3-COL or M3-ICP reported a significant but much less predictable relationship with R² values of 0.27 and 0.21 (n = 96), respectively. The P in the surface layer accumulated more under NT than under MT.     

Modified Labile Phosphorus Estimation Method for Arid Ecosystem

A new method for estimation of resin phosphorus (P) in arid soils was developed. Four extractants [hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and sodium bicarbonate] at various concentrations were used by different ion exchange resins. The results clearly showed HCl was the best extractant at 1.0 N concentration and that 6 h was the optimum time for more adsorption. The optimum adsorption and extraction occurred at 200 rpm and 75 rpm, respectively. Basic anion exchange resin in chloride form was the best resin for P mobilization. A strong correlation (P < 0.001) with the P uptake by different arid crops (pearl millet, clusterbean) was observed. Resin P showed correlation with soil total P (P < 0.001), available and mineral P (P < 0.01), and soil organic P (P < 0.05). The present method for resin-P estimation is found to be an important tool to determine plant P availability and available soil P status under arid environments.     

玉米秸秆生物炭对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附机理研究

以玉米秸秆为原料,在350℃和700℃热解温度下分别制备了两种生物炭（BC350和BC700）,并对其理化性质进行了表征。在700℃下制备的生物炭芳构化程度更高,疏水性更强,比表面积更大,孔结构发育更加完全。研究Cd（Ⅱ）在两种生物炭上的吸附发现,Two-site Langmuir吸附等温模型比One-site Langmuir吸附等温模型能更好描述Cd（Ⅱ）在生物炭表面的吸附。BC700对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附容量大于BC350,解吸率远小于BC350,吸附效果更好;离子交换和阳离子-π作用两种吸附机理同时存在并共同作用,前者分别占BC350和BC700总吸附容量的13.7%和1.1%,后者分别占86.3%和98.9%,阳离子-π作用是最主要的吸附机理。红外光谱FTIR分析表明,生物炭表面的含氧官能团和π共轭芳香结构分别提供不同机理的吸附位点。由于具有更多的离子交换位点,BC350对Cd（Ⅱ）吸附受pH影响较BC700更大。     

新型茶皂素硫酸钠合成及其修复土壤重金属污染研究

经水提-沉淀法从茶籽饼提取茶皂素,以其为原料设计合成了新型绿色茶皂素基螯合剂(茶皂素硫酸钠)。对其表面性能进行研究发现,其表面张力低于茶皂素,而HLB值、起泡力及稳泡性均优于茶皂素。同时考察了振荡时间、螯合剂浓度、pH及离子强度对螯合剂去除重金属率的影响。结果表明,重金属去除率随振荡时间和浓度增加而升高,随pH、离子强度增加而降低。得出去除Pb2+、Cd2+离子的最佳工艺:振荡时间为12h,质量分数为7%,pH为5.0,Ca(NO3)2浓度为0.01mol/L,此条件下螯合剂对土壤中Pb2+、Cd2+离子去除率最大,茶皂素硫酸钠对Cd2+离子的去除率大于Pb2+离子,且茶皂素硫酸钠对此2种离子的去除率均优于茶皂素,尤其对Pb2+离子去除率改善效果显著。     

再生水灌溉对土壤主要盐分离子的分布特征及盐碱化的影响

通过田间试验,研究再生水纯灌、轮灌、重要时期灌清水等不同灌溉策略对西红柿和黄瓜地块土壤主要盐分离子的分布特征及盐碱化的影响。结果表明:对于西红柿地块,除Cl-和HCO3-在表土中的发生积累外,其他主要盐分离子均强烈受到灌溉水淋溶作用的影响,表现出向土壤深层迁移的特征,但是再生水灌溉未引起土壤剖面盐分的累积。对于黄瓜地块,土壤盐分分布对不同再生水灌溉策略的响应不同于西红柿地块,强烈的蒸发作用造成了主要盐分离子(除HCO3-外)在土壤表层中出现积累,但是未监测到盐分在深层土壤中累积。再生水灌溉对西红柿和黄瓜地块土壤的pH值和SAR值均未产生显著影响,但是较高的pH值(>8.0)说明长期灌溉再生水可能引起土壤的碱化。研究认为重要时期灌清水处理在控制土壤盐分累积方面效果明显,且未引起土壤发生碱化,可作为短期再生水灌溉果蔬菜(西红柿、黄瓜)的有益尝试。     

艾比湖主要补给河流下游河岸带土壤盐分特征

博尔塔拉河、精河下游河岸带不同植被覆盖下的土壤为研究对象,测定土壤中总盐与8大离子含量。结果表明: 两河下游河岸带土壤表层 、20 cm土层的总盐以及各盐分离子含量均高于中下土层,土壤盐分垂直分布呈现出较强的表聚性;博尔塔拉河下游河岸带土壤总盐与K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^－、HCO^-3 离子具有显著相关性,精河下游河岸带土壤总盐与K⁺、Na⁺、Cl^－、Mg ²⁺离子具有显著相关性;经盐渍化类型判定,两河下游河岸带土壤以氯化物型为主。     

The combined effects of earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on microbial biomass and enzyme activities in a calcareous soil spiked with cadmium

Earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to independently affect soil microbial and biochemical properties, in particular soil microbial biomass (SMB) and enzymes. However, less information is available about their interactive effects, particularly in soils contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd). The amount of soil microbial biomass C (MBC), the rate of soil respiration (SRR) and the activities of urease and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured in a calcareous soil artificially spiked with Cd (10 and 20 mg Cd kg⁻¹), inoculated with earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus L.), and AMF (Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae species) under maize (Zea mays L.) crop for 60 days. Results showed that the quantity of MBC, SRR and enzyme activities decreased with increasing Cd levels as a result of the elevated exchangeable Cd concentration. Earthworm addition increased soil exchangeable Cd levels, while AMF and their interaction with earthworms had no influence on this fraction of Cd. Earthworm activity resulted in no change in soil MBC, while inoculation with both AMF species significantly enhanced soil MBC contents. However, the presence of earthworms lowered soil MBC when inoculated with G. mosseae fungi, showing an interaction between the two organisms. Soil enzyme activities and SRR values tended to increase considerably with the inoculation of both earthworms and AMF. Nevertheless, earthworm activity did not affect ALP activity when inoculated with G. mosseae fungi, while the presence of earthworm enhanced urease activity only with G. intraradices species. The increases in enzyme activities and SRR were better ascribed to changes in soil organic carbon (OC), MBC and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents. In summary, results demonstrated that the influence of earthworms alone on Cd availability is more important than that of AMF in Cd-polluted soils; and that the interaction effects between these organisms on soil microorganism are much more important than on Cd availability. Thus, the presence of both earthworms and AMF could alleviate Cd effects on soil microbial life.     

小麦品种偃展4110低能离子束突变体库的初步建立及籽粒硬度突变体筛选

低能离子束注入技术是近年发展起来的一种物理性诱发突变技术,在作物诱变育种中应用越来越广泛。为进一步探讨低能离子束的诱变功效,构建小麦突变体库,采用两种不同剂量的低能氮离子束对软质小麦品种偃展4110进行了诱变处理,共获得了1 024份M2代单株。随机选取其中600份材料,采用单籽粒谷物特性测试仪(SKCS)进行籽粒硬度测定。结果表明,共有31份突变体为混合麦,3份突变体为硬质麦,突变率为5.7%。采用Ha(Hardness)位点Puroindoline基因不同区段的特异引物对14份突变材料进行扩增后发现,有3份材料的Ha(Hardness)位点包含至少一个大的片段缺失,导致小麦胚乳质地变硬。本试验利用低能离子束技术成功构建了一个小麦品种偃展4110的突变体库,可为小麦功能基因组学研究提供重要的材料支持。     

Obtaining Spheroplasts of Armored Dinoflagellates and First Single-Channel Recordings of Their Ion Channels Using Patch-Clamping

Ion channels are tightly involved in various aspects of cell physiology, including cell signaling, proliferation, motility, endo- and exo-cytosis. They may be involved in toxin production and release by marine dinoflagellates, as well as harmful algal bloom proliferation. So far, the patch-clamp technique, which is the most powerful method to study the activity of ion channels, has not been applied to dinoflagellate cells, due to their complex cellulose-containing cell coverings. In this paper, we describe a new approach to overcome this problem, based on the preparation of spheroplasts from armored bloom-forming dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum. We treated the cells of P. minimum with a cellulose synthesis inhibitor, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB), and found out that it could also induce ecdysis and arrest cell shape maintenance in these microalgae. Treatment with 100–250 µM DCB led to an acceptable 10% yield of P. minimum spheroplasts and was independent of the incubation time in the range of 1–5 days. We show that such spheroplasts are suitable for patch-clamping in the cell-attached mode and can form 1–10 GOhm patch contact with a glass micropipette, allowing recording of ion channel activity. The first single-channel recordings of dinoflagellate ion channels are presented.     

不同品种水稻对镉累积特性研究

土壤重金属污染不仅影响农作物的生长,还会通过食物链危害人体健康。Cd污染是一种比较普遍的重金属污染,如何有效防治Cd污染一直是国内外学者讨论的热点。本文通过盆栽实验和水培实验相结合的方式,探讨不同品种水稻对Cd积累的差异情况,并探讨产生差异的原因,以期对有效治理Cd污染,与在低Cd污染土地上种植农作物的可能性提供理论依据。实验得出以下结论:在Cd污染环境下,大多数水稻品种的总生物量和籽粒产量均明显下降,说明Cd对水稻生长具有一定的毒害作用。同时,不同品种水稻在吸收Cd时存在显著的差异性,并且在水稻的各个部位的分布也明显不同,分配比例基本符合根系茎叶颖壳籽粒。